| Abstract |
本報告は，わが国における薬用植物の生産と流通の現状分析を行なったものである．とくに，キハダ（Phellodendron amurense Rupr．）を取り上げ，その現況と利用及び人工植栽の実態を明らかにした．薬用植物は園内需要の増大から自生採取の割合が減少し，栽培採取への移行がみられる．国内で採取利用されている主な薬用植物は90種類と多く，これらの栽培戸数，栽培面積，生産数は年々増加している．し...かし，1戸当たりの栽培規模は小さい．薬用植物の流通経路は複雑である．その要因としては生薬の取引が薬事関係法規の規制ををうけること，少量多品目取引で価格形成に品質の良否が大きく関与していたことなどがあげられる．また生薬の大部分（92％）は輸入に依存し，その品目数は190～200品目と多い．この70～80％は製薬会社，食品加工業者に供給され，小売業者，薬局，漢方医などに供給されるのは全体の5～7％と少ない．黄柏の需給とキハダ林の現況及び人工植栽面で以下の諸点が明らかになった．（1）黄柏（Phellodendri cortex）の需要量は1980年の350tから1989年には525tと1．5倍に増大している．しかし，国内自給率はこの間に42％から19％へと大きく低下し，不安定な供給状況であることが理解できる．この結果，消費量の8割強を輸入に依存している状況にある．今後ほ，国産の黄柏の供給の安定化を図らなければならない．（2）黄柏の生産量を産地別にみると，長野県が第1位で60％を占め，ついで新潟県の15％と，この2県で75％を占める．栽培農家数でも，この両県で5割を占めており，資源の構築に積極的である．また，九州でも長崎，熊本，大分県でキハダの植栽が進められているが多くの課題がある．（3）キハダは生薬黄柏としての需要が中心であり，その採取は夏期に行われるため，木材は利用されないことが多い．今後，キハダを栽培していく場合には，黄柏（内樹皮）だけを販売していくようでは経済的に不利となるため，積極的に木材の利用を拡大していかなければならない．（4）現在の黄柏の流通ルートは複雑であるため，産地によって出荷形態や出荷規格が異なる．それを合理的な流通ルートに乗せるため出荷規格の統一が望まれる．（5）現在，黄柏はすぺて天然木から採取されているが，天然キハダ資源が少なくなり，奥地化しているために，早急に資源の育成を図らなければならない．（6）キハダ林育成についての技術体系が明確でないので，その確立が必要である．
An analysis of actual production conditions pertaining to medicinal plants in Japan was conducted. In the present study, a particular interest was taken in cork tree (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.) woods to reveal its existent state of utilization and conditions. Owing to the recent increase in the domestic demand for medicinal plants, there has been a marked decline in autogenous harvesting in lavor of batch cultivation. There are as many as 90 principal varieties of medicinal plants being domestically harvested and consumed in Japan. Although the scale of harvest per cultivating house is small, the number of cultivating areas, cultivating houses and production are increasing year by year. Medicinal plants have a complicated distribution channel, involving the submission of crude drugs transactions to the Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau, thus affecting the value of the price due to the small quantities and numerous items involved per transaction. For the most part, crude drugs are imported to Japan (92 % of total consumption), with the number of items being as large as 190-200. Of these imported crude drugs, 70～80 % are supplied directly to pharmaceutical companies and food processors whereas 5～7 % are supplied to retailers, pharmacies, herb doctors and others. The following points were made clear with respect to the actual conditions and utilization of cork tree woods. 1) The demand for Phellodendri cortex increased from 350 t in 1980 to 525 t in 1989 (a 1.5 fold increase). The domestic rate of self-support decreased, however, from 42 % to 19 % during the same period, rendering the supply condition unstable. Presently, at least 80 % of the domestic consumption of Phellodendri cortex in import-dependent. Thus, a stabilized supply is sought for . 2) By production area, Nagano Prefecture bears 60 % of Phellodendri cortex production, followed by 15 % in Niigata Prefecture. In other words, these two prefectures handle 75 % of the total domestic production, which also occupies 50 % of the cultivating farm houses, indicating their eagerness to grow the resource. Also in Kyushu, the growth of Phellodendri cortex woods is taking place in Nagasaki, Kumamoto and Ohita Prefectures. 3) The demand for cork tree mainly comprises Phellodendri contex, the harvest of which takes place in the summer season, when the wood is often unavailable, To increase the cultivation of cork trees a more productive use of wood utilization must be sought for, seeing that the sale of Phellodendri contex (endodermis) is economically disadvantageous. 4) The current distribution channel for Phellodendri cortex, which is very complicated, must be made more rational. 5) Since Phellodendri cortex is now almost always harvested from natural tree, rearing for natural cork tree resources must be sought for in view of the curren tscarce resource. 6) The technical way for rearing cork tree wood, which remains undetermined, must be improved upon and an established system must be realized.show more
|
Export Mendeley
p009