| 概要 |
戦後,農山村民によって造林された人工林は間もなく主伐期を迎えようとしているが,これら戦後の造林木,樽にその中心を占めるスギの一般並材は外材との厳しい競合下にあり,戦後造林地帯で林業振興を図るためには販売問題が最も重要な課題となる.本研究では,戦後造林地帯における林業振興の在り方を探るために,我が国の代表的なスギの並材産地であり,昭和40年代以降の外材体制下においでも活発な活動を維持してきた大分県日...田地方を対象に,森林経常から消費地市場に至る林業の生産,流通,加工の各過程を,担い手相互間の結合関係の整序とそれによる国産材供給の少量分散多種目性の克服をねらいとして,垂直的に分析した.(1) 森林経営は,中小林家はもちろん大規模林家でも,その森林経常は分散的な小規模林分の集積によって形成されており,また伐採性向は家計の資金需要に規定され,不安定で少量分散的である.(2) 素材生産も,林家の伐採性向を反映して小規模である.隣接林分の共同伐採によって伐採規模を拡大し,伐出経費の軽減を図る努力も試みられているが,このような形で素材供給の不安定性を克服することには限界がある.加えて,伐採原木の材種構成はスギの単一品種の人工林でも極めて多様であるという問題もある.(3) 原木市売市場では, このような少量分散的で多種多様な構成をもって入荷してくる原木群を仕訳,選別し,均質化された原木群に転換しているが,仕訳基準が径級別に細かく区分されているためそのままでは取扱ロットが著しく小さくなることから,材種ごとに数人ないし十数人分を蒐集し,取引単位である｢椪(はえ)｣の規模をトラック1台分程度に拡大し,流通ロットの大型化とコストの軽減とを図ることが行われている.(4) 製材工場は,このような原木市売市場の流通機能に支えられて原木の径級別に著しい専門化を逐げ,高い資本の回転率や労働の生産性を維持している.単品の量産化と生産力の向上を図ったことが,日田地方がスギ並材産地として競争カを強め,供給量を拡大しえた条件であった.(5) 一方,日田材の最大の販売市場である福岡県,長崎県などの北部九州では,木材市売市場や直需者センター,大手材木店が主な荷受業者であるが,それらの取扱量に占める日田材のウェートは圧倒的に大きい.専門化工場が他産地よりも安い価格で,大数集中的な需要に対応できる体制を整えていることが強味となっている.以上のように,製材産地の発展にとっては,林業生産の少量分散多種目性の克服が最も重要である.特に,造林の担い手に小規模林家の多い戦後の造林地帯では,素材生産は著しく少量分散的になりがちであるから,素材生産を組織化し,取扱量の拡大を図るとともに,これを均質大量的な原木群に転換することが必要である.そして,そのような機能を果すものとしては現状では原木市売市場が最も適しているが,現在の原木市売市場の施設,規模では将来の伐採量の増大に対応することは不可能であり,またその配置も先進林業地帯に偏在し,戦後の造林地帯には少ない.従って,戦後の造林地帯の林業を振興するためには,原木市売市場を増設し,取扱量の大幅な拡大と原木供給の安定化という形で原木流通機構を整備し,製材産地との結合の円滑化を図ることが重要であり,官民のカを結集してそれに取組むことが必要であると考えられる.
Although the forests planted after World War Ⅱ are going to mature enough to be cut finally, yard lumbers of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica), which holds the great majority of these planted trees, are in serious competition with imported lumbers. In order to develop domestic forest industry under these circumstances, it is necessary to cultivate markets for domestic yard lumbers. In this paper, we focus our analysis on the Hita district in Oita prefecture to search for the best way of developing forest industry. This district is a representative yard lumber producing district in Japan and holds active even after imported lumbers gained upper hand of domestic ones in markets in the 1960s～70s. Through these analyses, we consider, vertically from forest management to consumption market, each process of production, circulation and manufacturing of lumber. Domestic lumbers have been supplied on a smallscale, dispersedly and diversely, but activity of Hita district shows that vertically integrated process, which contains structurally organized relationships between each process, could overcome difficulties of domestic lumber supply. (1) Forest management, to say nothing of small scale, even if it is large scale, is based on accumulations of dispersive and small scale stand of trees. Moreover, final cut propensity depends on financing requirement and is unstable, small and dispersive. (2) Reflecting final cut propensity, the amount of logging is small. In order to overcome such difficulties, they try to enlarge logging scale and reduce its expenditure by joint-logging with the neighbor stand. But, in fact, there is a limitation in overcoming the instability of log supply in such a way. Moreover, even in man-made forests which only one race of Sugi, there are various logs for various purposes in house building. (3) Auction markets of log collect diversified various logs, classify and assort them, and make goups composed of standardized logs. But standards of classification are established in detail by each diameter. Accordingly, if let the matter rest, each amount of dealings in log becomes small. To overcome this difficulty, they enlarge the scale of dealings (we call "Hae") up to the amount which one motor truck could carry. (4) Supported by circulation faculty which auction markets of log create, sawmills specialize in production of one kind of lumber in accordance with diameter of log and perform high turnover ratio of capital and productivity of labor. Pursuing massproduction of one kind of lumber and high productivity of labor enables sawmills in Hita district to increase their competitive abilities. This is the reason why they can increase their supply. (5) On the other hand, most of these lumbers produced in Hita district are supplied to the Nothern-Prefectures of Kyushu, or Fukuoka, Nagasaki and so on. Receiptors of these lumbers are mainly auction markets of lumber and leading lumber-retailers. In the most part of their dealings, lumbers produced in Hita district play important roles. It is strong point to be able to supply lumbers at lower prices than those of lumbers supplied by other produci-district and meet concentrated, large-scale demands by specialization. Judging from the facts mentioned above, for the sake of developing lumber producing district it is most important to overcome difficulties, which forest production includes, of small-scale, dispersion and diversity. Particularly in districts where trees were planted after World War Ⅱ, it is necessary to organize powers of log production, classify and assort various logs and increase the amount of dealings. Although auction markets have been playing important roles, we will confront many problems in the near future, for the scale of present auction markets is small, the number of them is few and they cannot meet the increase of future final cut. In addition, while most of auction markets exist in developed forest-zone, regions where forests were made after World War Ⅱ have few auction markets. Developing the forest industry in these regions, it is important to establish many auction markets, increase the amount of dealings and stabilize log supply. I believe joint and concentration of public and private powers makes it possible to solve these problems.続きを見る
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