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The hill-tribes live in the highlands of northern Thailand. Traditionally their way of life centered around subsistence agriculture, based on shifting cultivation. The only cash crop of any significan...ce was opium poppies. This situation posed various problems. In an attempt to overcome these problems, a number of comprehensive development projects have been carried out over the last 30 years. These projects have focused on construction of improved access to the hill-tribe villages as well as provision of water supply systems, electricity and so on. In addition, various projects have sought to improve the agricultural systems employed by the hill-tribe people, notably by introducing viable alternative cash crops which can be grown in fixed plots. This approach has the effect of improving the wealth of the villagers, reducing the extent of shifting cultivation and thereby lessening the amount of forest degradation and soil erosion, as well as decreasing the dependency on opium poppies as a cash crop. This study involved direct surveys of the hill-tribe peoples to assess the effects of such projects on their agricultural practices, their living standards, and their general lifestyles. The hill-tribe villages were classified according to monthly income, into three stages. It was found that there were very significant differences between these three stages, in terms of cultivation areas and systems; crop varieties; living standards and other factors. In general the development projects have resulted in significant improvements in all major aspects of the lifestyle of the hill-tribe villages that have been the subject of such projects. It appears that this success has largely been due to three factors. 1) Namely, the projects were sustainable development projects, aimed at improving the life of the villagers yet conserving their culture and natural environment. 2) The importance of the project sites was demonstrated by agencies requesting technical experts to reside in the villages. 3) And implementation was based on spontaneous participation by local villagers.
北部タイの山地には少数民族が生活している．少数民族の生活は，伝統的で自給的な焼畑農業に基づいていた．その唯一の商品作物といえばケシ栽培であった．このことは様々な深刻な問題をかかえていた．問題を解決するために，過去30年間にわたり数々の農山村振興プロジェクトが実施された．これらのプロジェクトは，少数民族の村への道路をはじめ，清涼な飲料水の確保，電気の配電などの改善に取り組んできた．とりわけプロジェクトが力を入れたのが，農業技術向上を支援し，焼畑ではない，一般的な常畑農業で栽培できる商品作物の導入であった．この方法は，村人のケシ栽培への依存解消と森林および土壌保全を目的として，実際村人の現金収入を伸ばすとともに，焼畑縮小に導いた．本研究は，山地少数民族に直接インタビューすることで，村落振興プロジェクトによる，村人たちの農業，生活水準そして生活体系への影響を調査した．少数民族の村を月の現金収入金額で3段階に区分した．この3段階の問には，耕地面積と農法，作物の多様性，生活水準などにおいて明らかな格差があることが検証された．総じて開発プロジェクトの対象となった村での少数民族の生活は，あらゆる面で着実に向上している．プロジェクトが成果を上げることができた理由は3点に絞られる．1）少数民族の生活向上においても独自の文化と自然環境の保全を尊重して，プロジェクトが持続可能な開発をめざしてきた．2）担当部局が要請した現地村への技術指導員の駐在に地元重視が明示されている．3）村人の主体的な参加が，プロジェクト活動の基本とされてきた．続きを見る
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