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雲南石寨山遺跡と銅鼓の問題
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| 概要 | § 1. Discovery of Site of Shih-sai-shan. The Site of Shih-sai-shan, which is located 1 kilometer from the east bank of Tien-chih (滇池) in Chin-ning (晋寧) Prefecture, Yunnan Province, was excavated and in...vestigated by Museum of Yunnan Province for three times, in 1955, 1956-57, and 1958. This site was noticed because of its bronze drums, and at the time of the second investigation a gold seal engraved "The seal of king of Tien-country" (滇王之印) on it, was found, which suggested these sites were graves of king of the family of King of Tien-country which appears in "Shihchi"(史記) by Ssu-ma-chien (司馬遷) and so. (Fig. 2) § 2. Site of Shih-sai-shan and the state of the excavated. According to the second Report of excavation by the Museum of Yunnan Province, there are four types of burials, Type I (M. 14, 15, 16, 17) The earlier period by the Former Han.（漢） Type Ⅱ (M. 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22) The middle period of the Former Han. Type Ⅲ (M. 4, 5, 6, 7) Ibid. Type IV (M. 8, 9) The later period of the Former Han. From the burials of type I, bronze drums as well as bronze edged tools and bronze-made reeds, "Hu-lu-chtian" (葫蘆笙), were discovered. From the burials of type II , relics of Han style and iron swords were excavated. In M. 6, and M. 7 of type II, relics of Han style were the most numerous, and the gold seal was discovered from M. 6. The excavation of bronze drums became gradually scanty, and on the contrary the reproduced as vessels for storing cowries were found. § 3. Bronze drums from the Site of Shih-sai-shan. At the first investigation, two bronze drums and two vessels for storing cowries （貯貝器）were discovered, and at the second investigation fifteen bronze drums and four vessels of bronze drum style. The vessels for storing cowries of bronze drum style are the one reproduced from a damaged bronze drum with ornamentations. Including the latters, the number of the bronze drum from the site of Shih-sai-shan amounted to 23. Among bronze drums from M. 14, the type of bronze drums ornamented with four flying birds on drum surface, and wooden ship on the body, and a person headed by feathers on the belly are most numerous. (Fig. 3, 4) There are bronze gongs ornamented with a person headed by feathers. (Fig. 12) § 4. The use of bronze drums at Shih-sai-shan. From the burials of type I, bronze-made reeds of Hu-lu also were found. This reeds of Hu-lu are used still now among the minorities around Y unnan, and called Sen (Tonkin Highland), Khene (Laos) or so. (Fig. 28, 29) On the bronze vessel for storing cowries of tiger's ears (虎耳貯貝器) from M. 12, a scene in which sixteen bronze drums at the veranda of a house, and two in the garden is seen, and there is also a scene which shows a use of bronze drums at a festival garden. These, it is guessed, show that to have many bronze drums meant so much authority. At this the bronze drums had similar meaning as bronze bells (銅鐸) of the Y ayoi-culture in Japan. § 5. Distribution of bronze Shih-sai-shan style. Among bronze drums of Shih-sai-shan, the ones with four flying birds are most numerous, and further there is a possibility of the existence of fat and complex one like Moulie drum, introduced as F. Heger type I We call these, considering the coincidence of form and pattern, Shih sai-shan style. The ones with four flying birds 1. Han burial of Kuei (貴) prefecture, Kuang-hsi (広西) Province. (Kao-ku-tung-hslin" (考古通訊)1956-4) Fig.18 2. Viet-nam, Dong-Son (V. Goloubew) Fig.16, 17 3. Malaya, Tembeling (R. 0. Winstedt) Fig.19 4. Malaya, Klang (I. Hino) Fig.20 The fat ones with complex pattern on drum surface 1. Kai-hua (開化) prefecture, Yunnan Province (Gillet drum of F. Heger) Fig.26 2. Viet-nam, Tonkin (Moulie drum of F. Heger) 3. Viet-nam, Tonkin (Museum of F. E. A. Stockholm) Fig. 22 4. Viet-nam, Hoang-ha (V. Goloubew) Fig. 24 5. Viet-nan, Ngoc-10. (V. Gofoubew) Fig.27 6. Laos, Ubon (V. Goloubew) Fig.23 There are small minuatures among ones from Dong-Son. No report from Thailand yet, but it will surely be discovered. § 6. The rise and fall of Tien country (滇国) and problem of bronze-drums. Acconding to "Shih-chi," in the second year of Yuan-Feng (元封) (B.C. 109), Wu-ti (武帝) of Former Han, sent soldiers of Ssu-Chuau (四川) to attack Tien country,made the area I-chou-chun (益州郡), and appointed King of Tien the chief of the people, endowing him an official seal. In "Hou-han-shu" (後漢書), there is the name of Tien-chih prefecture and written of iron production there, but no name of king of Tien. We can not yet form our conclusion that, the gold seal "the seal of king of Tien country" from M. 6 of Shih-sai-shan was endowed by Wu-ti, but there is still the possibility. Many relics of Han style were these of the period of chief of people by king of Tien, which indicates rapid contact with the culture of Han period and it is supposed, judging from these relics, that he had living as high as a governor of a country. Like this we can say that, such as King of Tien country, some were subordinated under the rule of Han, adapted themselves to its customs, some fled into the mountain area or went further southwards out of influence of Han Empire, and kept living with bronze drums, by which bronze drums were distributed there.続きを見る |
| 目次 | 一 石寨山遺跡の発見 二 石寨山遺跡とその出土状況 三 石寨山遺跡出土の銅鼓 四 石寨山における銅鼓の使用 五 石寨山式銅鼓の分布 六 滇国の興亡と銅鼓の問題 : 石寨山とドンソン |
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| 登録日 | 2019.07.30 |
| 更新日 | 2020.09.28 |