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The purpose of this article is to grasp the characteristics of the urban policy of the European Union. The European Commission already understood the necessity to implement its own policy for the citi...es in the European Community in the 1980s, partly responding to the pressure of EUROCITIES. The European Commission recognizes that cities are motor of economic growth and development of the EU in the knowledge-based society, and that the economic growth could not be sustainable without overcome of social exclusion and environmental problems. Thus the EU or the EC launched Urban Pilot Projects in 1990 at first, then URBAN Community Initiative in 1994, and URBAN II Community Initiative in 2000. At first, the EU noticed environmental aspects of urban problems such as traffic noise, air pollution, wastes etc. It turned, however, its attention gradually to the social exclusion, which remarkably appears in specific districts and neighborhoods in urban spaces. All these programs were financed from structural funds of the European Community, especially from the European Regional Development Fund. It means that urban policy of the EU is a part of its regional policy. The subsidies from the structural funds covered about half of the total investment for the regeneration of cities, and the other half of the budget was covered by national, regional and local governments involved in the programs as well as by the private sector. While cities under difficulties of industrial structure were not always adopted in the Urban Pilot Projects, cities of this type were adopted much more in the programs of URBAN and URBAN II, especially in the economic advanced countries within the EU. In these cities, social exclusion is more apparent than in the other types of cities, at least in Germany. The European Commission finds its urban policy successful. And there is no program succeeding URBAN II in the regional policy of the EU between 2007 and 2013. But urban problems of social exclusion is not yet resolved in the advanced countries, as long as the present author knows on the basis of his own fieldwork in German cities. It is necessary to reexamine how successful the programs of URBAN and URBAN II have been. In order to practice this reexamination, we should intensively research into individual cities.続きを見る
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1 はじめに 2 欧州委員会による都市認識 3 経済成長原動力としての都市への注目 4 社会的排除の場としての都市への注目とその克服プログラム 4.1 Urban Pilot Projects 4.2 URBAN Community Initiative 4.3 URBAN Ⅱ Community Initiative 5 おわりに
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