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Congestion charges or taxes, and construction of the compact city are some of the urban policy measures to create eco-friendly cities. The present study addressed influences of such congestion charges... and urban form to reduction in environmental loads like greenhouse gas emission. To attain this purpose, this study examined changes in the number of cars passed through toll gates after the establishment of road toll system in Oslo urban area, Norway. This study also scrutinized a relationship between urban form and carbon dioxide emission. As results, it is shown that both increasing number of cars even after the start of road tolling and the unchanged urban form in Oslo urban area brought no change in commuting patterns, and in turn, such no change caused increase in carbon dioxide emission. It is, therefore, concluded that no change in commuting patterns and centralized urban form could lead to more emission of greenhouse gases.続きを見る
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