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Based on exercise participants' reasons for engaging or not engaging in exercise and sport activity, six exercise goal types ("Competition Oriented Participation," "Recreation Oriented Participation,..." "Health Oriented Participation," "Relief Oriented Participation," "Compelled Non-Participation" and "Self-Determined Non-Participation") were identified. The purpose of this study was to determine a classification system based on exercise motives and to investigate these motivational types and their relation to other health related-factors. A questionnaire was administered by mail to 3500 male and 3500 female adults who were selected using a randomized sampling method. Fifty-six and a half percent of participants returned the questionnaire, and 1386 male and 1678 female adults (43.8%) responded completely to all of the questions and were included in this study. Examination of the percentage of participants by exercise types showed that there were significant gender and age differences for exercise participation reasons. Higher percentages of "Competition Oriented Participation," "Recreation Oriented Participation," and "Health Oriented Participation" were found in male participants, while higher percentages of "Relief Oriented Participation" "Compelled Non-Participation" and "Self-Determined Non-Participation" were found in female participants. In addition, the percentage of participants classified as motivated by "Health Oriented Participation" increased with age, while the percentage of participants classified in the "Competition Oriented Participation" and "Recreation Oriented Participation" categories decreased with age for both male and female participants. There were also significant differences among the six exercise motivation types relation to other health related factors (amount of physical activity, physical fitness, lifestyle and health status). As a whole, these health related-factors indicated that "Health Oriented Participation," "Competition Oriented Participation," and "Recreation Oriented Participation" are associated with positive health status, while "Non-Participation" was associated with negative health status. Implications for further research based on the type of motives for participation in exercise and sport activity are discussed.show more
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