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From War Cemeteries to Tourism Landmarks: Towers of Loyal Spirits and War Memorials in Colonial Manchuria
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| Abstract | The history of monuments—their creation, preservation, and deconstruction—reveals power struggles, conflicts, suppressions, and negotiations among different groups within society. This study examines ...the Towers of Loyal Spirits built in colonial Manchuria during the first half of the twentieth century and their role in the construction of the Japanese Empire. Despite their symbolic significance and widespread presence, details of their construction and design remain insufficiently understood due to a lack of visual and textual records. This study takes the Tower of Loyal Spirits in Port Arthur (1909) as a case study. Drawing on a newly discovered photo album, it explores the meanings embedded in the tower’s nomenclature, spatial configuration, architectural designs, and building materials. The analysis reveals how the Japanese army and navy synthesized Shinto and Buddhist traditions with Japanese, Chinese, and Western architectural styles to create new forms and functions for these structures. This study also highlights the role of mass tourism in transforming the Towers of Loyal Spirits from soldiers’ cemeteries and memorials of the fallen into popular tourist attractions and urban landmarks. The modernist designs of the Towers of Loyal Spirits, combined with the luxurious, leisure-oriented tours of war memorials, encouraged visitors to perceive militarist aggression and urban utopia as two sides of the same coin. These visits played a crucial role in shaping the collective identity of subjects within the expanding Japanese Empire.show more |
| Table of Contents | The Construction of Towers of Loyal Spirits in Colonial Manchuria The Construction of Towers of Loyal Spirits in Japan Current Scholarship on Towers of Loyal Spirits Newly Discovered Photo Album The Mausoleum and the Tower of Expressing Loyalty in Port Arthur The Significance of the Mausoleum and the Tower of Expressing Loyalty in Port Arthur Building War Memorials in Colonial Manchuria in the 1910s Port Arthur and War Tourism in Colonial Manchuria Conclusion |
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| Created Date | 2025.04.07 |
| Modified Date | 2025.04.07 |