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＜紀要論文＞
アメリカ音声理論の歴史(Ⅰ)
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| 概要 | 1. Introduction The main theme to be discussed in this paper is the historical development of American phonological theory since the end of the 19th century. Both American linguists and anthropologist...s seem to have been fully concerned with phonological aspects of language in general as well as American Indian languages. First, the history of phonological theory must be kept apart from the history of speech-sounds. The terms phonetic theory, phonemic theory and phonology should be strictly defined and employed in their peculiar contexts. The distinction between synchronic phonology and diachronic phonology is also made in this paper, and so is the distinction between phonetic view and phonemic view. The history of American phonological theory will be discussed in a wide perspective, including the problems of morphology and syntax. 2. Outline of Early American Linguistics W. D. Whitney (1827-94), professor of Sanskrit and comparative philology at Yale, may be the founder of American linguistics and phonological theory, which were first set forth in his two famous works, Language and the Study of Language (1867) and The Life and Growth of Language (1875). Towards the end of the 19th century, there were two more world-famous Anglo- American scholars, namely, Maurice Bloomfield (1855-1928), professor of Sanskrit, and Henry Sweet (1845-1912), reader of phonetics at Oxford. Sweet's Handbook of Phonetics (1877), whose publication was almost contemporary with the earliest treatise of phonology by Whitney, formed a scientific study of speech-sounds in the modern sense of the word. His History of English Sounds (1888) and its philological predecessor A. J. Ellis's On Early English Pronunciation (1869-1889) were both the chief achievements of phonetic science in England. Franz Boas (1858-1942), professor of anthropology at Columbia, was a leading specialist in American ethnology and American Indian languages. His Handbook of American Indian Languages (1911) is, in effect, a pioneering work, from which was derived the germ of descriptive (or structural) linguistic principles characteristic of American language study. These principles were later developed by Edward Sapir (1884-1939) in his Language (1921) and his epoch-making essay'Sound Patterns in Language'(1925), and also by Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949) in his Language (1933). 3. Genealogy of American Leading Linguists We may assert from the foregoing explanation that American linguistics was established by the four distinguished scholars Whitney (American philologist), Boas (German-American anthropologist), Sapir (American linguist and anthropologist), and L. Bloomfield (American linguist). The Encyclopedia Americana registers Whitney as American philologist and Bloomfield as American linguist. This is because the official name of the chair of professorship at Yale was changed according to the advancement of linguistic study towards the turn of the century. It may be safe to say that one principal line of the tradition of general linguistics is that from Whitney to Bloomfield, while another is that from Boas to Sapir in the field of anthropological linguistics. 4. The American Style of Linguistics The term American linguistics is usually distinct from European linguistics. Yet, the former is often considered as having two sorts of usage, namely,'linguistics in America'and’the American style of linguistics.' Joos explains that the term American linguistics is nowaday current in two senses:'first, the registration and analysis of the indigenous languages; and second the American style in linguistic thought.'One of its principles is that'every language has to be explained from the inside out, the explanation being formulated under the logic of that language.' The same view as mentioned above is also expressed by R. A. Hall, Jr. The principles of American linguistics, then, can be summed up as follows: (i) objective registration and rigorous analysis of language structures on an inductive principle. (ii) description and explanation of each language structure according to its own logic.続きを見る |
| 目次 | 1.序説 2. 初期の概観 3. アメリカ言語学者の系譜 4. アメリカ言語学の様式 1. Introduction 2. Outline of Early American Linguistic 3. Genealogy of American Leading Linguists 4. The American Style of Linguistic |
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| 登録日 | 2023.08.08 |
| 更新日 | 2023.11.08 |