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The early identification of the energy balance may help to identify an individual’s diet and physical activity. To investigate the state of energy balance among male and female university students in ...Japan during the COVID-19 epidemic, self-reported three-day food and activity records were collected from 457 university students aged 18–24 years. The energy intake variables included the calorie intake, number of meals, and calories per meal. Energy expenditure was calculated as a sum of resting energy expenditure and physical energy expenditure. Information on academic major and living status were obtained. This study showed that both males and females had a negative energy balance, which was caused by an insufficient energy intake. High levels of physical activity aggravated the negative energy balance Efforts should be made to promote healthful and appropriate dietary patterns in young adults especially in individuals with higher physical activity levels. Subjects who were living alone showed significantly decreased total energy intake and total energy expenditure, although no significant difference was observed for energy balance. Attention should be paid to the possible insufficient energy intake and level of exercise in young adults who are living alone.show more
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