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Two inverted echo sounder (IES) sites were maintained on coastal and offshore sides of the Kuroshio south of Japan during October 1993 through July 2004. IESs set on the sea floor measure round-trip a...coustic travel times repeatedly between the sea floor and the sea-surface. Applying the gravest empirical mode (GEM) method, we obtain the 9-year long time series of the sea-surface dynamic height (SSDH). The estimated tune series are compared with SSDH from hydrographic data. The IES-derived SSDH agrees well with the hydrographic SSDH referred to 750 dbar on the coastal site and 2000 dbar on the offshore site, although the variational range of the IES-derived SSDH is slightly smaller than the hydrographic one. The estimated errors of the IES-derived SSDH are 4.5 cm on the coastal site and 5.2 cm on the offshore site.show more
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