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When people quote speech or thought of themselves or of other people, they do not quote it directly, but describe it on their own words (Clark & Gerrig 1990；Kamata 2000). This paper analyzes the usage... of gender-markers in Japanese quotations. Analyzed materials are quotations found in naturally occurring conversations of Japanese college students. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the data have reached the following two results. First, male markers are used frequently by both male and female speakers, regardless of the sex of the speaker of quoted speech; on the contrary, there is only one female marker found in the quotations. This result suggests that male markers are related to strength, violence, or other masculine characteristics, while female markers are related to the stereotype of traditional Japanese women. Second, when female speakers quote men’s language, they quote them indirectly or they soften their language with softeners or modifiers. The above results suggest that the use of male markers by female speakers is socially limited and restricted.show more
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