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The main pathways by which homogenous catalyst carry out the levoglucosenone (LGO) isomerization to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and dehydration to levulinic acid (LA) in aqueous phase are elucidated... by using an HZSM-5 and Amberlyst 70 as representative solid acid catalysts. HMF is the primary product during LGO degradation and can be further dehydrated to LA in the presence of solid acid catalysts. Similar trends with a similar maximum yield of HMF (44% carbon yield) and LA (33% carbon yield) were obtained in relatively high temperatures over HZSM-5. The maximum yield of LA was obtained in 57.7% carbon yield (69.1% mole yield) by using Amberlyst 70. This result suggests that strong Brønsted acid sites are necessary for high LA yields. In addition, HZSM-5 with both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites promotes the side reactions of LGO to furfural and formation of humins in contrast to Amberlyst 70 with strong Brønsted acid sites. Thus, to design more efficient of LGO isomerization and dehydration reactions, it is desirable to have a high ratio of Brønsted to Lewis acid sites.show more
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