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Epidemiological studies have a great potential to contribute to the control of chronic pain, but in practice this potential has yet to be fully realized. In part this is because the epidemiology of pa...in has been less well studied than have diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Many theoretical and methodological barriers impede research into the epidemiology of pain. Chronic pain may result in a reduced level of daily physical activity and an increased sedentary time. Therefore, promoting levels of physical activity is key point of non-pharmacological management strategies. However the harmful or beneficial role of physical activity remains difficult to define with any degree of precision. Self-efficacy acts as a determinant of physical activity behaviors for older adults, and participation in physical activity can change one’s self-efficacy for exercise. However, physical activity causes both hypoalgesic and hyperalgesic responses in chronic pain patients. Accordingly, we need to construct physical activity program depending on the dominant chronic pain models (i.e. the end-organ dysfunction model and altered nervous system processing model) and to understand that an important aim of exercise or physical activity is to train the brain, along with the musculoskeletal system. Furthermore, future epidemiological research of chronic pain should prioritize the use of objective measurement of physical activity due to construct effective physical activity program of chronic musculoskeletal pain among older adults.show more
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