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Maintaining stable frequency in power systems is a persistent challenge, especially in the presence of unpredictable load fluctuations and system nonlinearities. Traditional Load Frequency Control (LF...C) methods often struggle to ensure optimal performance particularly when dealing with modeling inaccuracies and external disturbances, i.e. power systems featuring Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs). To address this limitation, this study proposes and evaluates TID (Tilt Integral Derivative) and FOPID (Fractional Order PID) controllers for a three-area power system comprising Thermal, Hydro, Gas, Geothermal (GTP), and EV based generation. Area-1 encompasses Thermal, EV, and GTP systems with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES); Area-2 combines Thermal and EV units; and Area-3 integrates Hydro, Gas, and EV units. Simulation results in MATLAB SIMULINK under a 0.15 pu (area-1 and area-3), and 0.13 pu (area-2) load disturbance show that the FOPID controller achieves faster settling times and lower oscillations than TID. Specifically, for Area-1, FOPID reduces settling time from 120 seconds (TID) to 110 seconds, with overshoot dropping from 0.0190 to 0.0044 and undershoot from -0.0867 to -0.0465. Similar improvements are observed in Area-2 and Area-3, validating the superior damping and tracking performance of FOPID controllers. Under parameter variation (e.g., KP1 reduced by 10%, TP1 increased by 20% in Area-1), FOPID maintains performance with a maximum settling time of 150 seconds, while TID exceeds 200 seconds. Additionally, incorporating SMES and Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifter (TCPS) further enhances system dynamics. The optimization of controller parameters is performed using the JAYA algorithm. Compared to conventional and recently published methods, the proposed FOPID-JAYA framework offers superior control performance, robustness, and ease of implementation, making it a reliable solution for future smart grids with high RES and EV penetration.続きを見る
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Mendeley出力
p1090-1105