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＜研究報告書＞
自治産業コロニー「クズバス」とリュトヘルス(6) : 事業の更なる発展からその清算へ
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| 概要 | The enterprise of the Autonomous Industrial Colony “Kuzbas” (AIC-K) continued to expand and develop further from 1925 to 1926. It is characteristic in it that the AIC-K quickly started taking action ...on making and realizing the next plan “Tel’bess,” though the AIC-K had only just set about integrating practically Leninsk and Prokp’evsk coal mines and Gur’evsk plants in early 1925. In other words, the AIC-K began to aim at the integration in the entire Kuznetsk Coalfield at its early stage and never gave it up until the very end. It is clear that for AIC-K the decision to liquidate itself at the end of 1926 came as a complete surprise. What became clear in the process leading up to the liquidation decision was that the AIC-K which had been under the jurisdiction of the STO was going to be transferred to the jurisdiction of the VSNKh and, further, to be effectively incorporated into Gosplan’s plan (cf. the resolution of the Presidium of the Gosplan on 16 April 1926). The proposal of the VSNKh’s plan putting all enterprise operations together within the range of the Kuznetsk Coalfield may be conceivably in line with Rytgers’ aim of integrating the management of the entire Kuznetsk Coalfield. But, although the Gosplan’s “large-scale plan for constructing new metallurgical plants in the Urals and Siberia” was to be first realized in the First Five-Year Plan, originally Rutgers and his comrades had drawn up the Kuzbas Project as the Industrial Workers Colony in Kuzbas and the Northern Urals (Nadezhdinsk plants). And then Rutgers enthusiastically advocated the so-called plan “Ural-Kuznetsk Industrial Complex” at the conference of the Presidium of the Gosplan on 31 October 1922, which was not taken seriously by the Gosplan due to the economic and financial condition at the time (Part 3). This preceding fact should be kept in mind. Rutgers returned to the Netherlands for medical treatment and toward the end of 1925 he thought that he could no longer shoulder the heavy burden of running the AIC-K again and now that all were arranged and the Colony had a better perspective, it was high time to hand it over to someone else. Nevertheless, Rutgers received repeatedly from some colonists complaints and dissatisfaction with K.N. Korobkin’s management and desire for Rutgers’ return to work. As a result, Rutgers came to state as follows: He “could not take over full management,” but was of opinion that Engineer Begemann should take the leadership with a good Russian assistant; In this case, Rutgers was ready to collaborate further as “advisory engineer.” A.G. Struik, S. Hahn and others in Kemerovo came to express a harsh criticism of Korobkin and regarded “a compromise with him as no longer possible.” Although Rutgers was “fully aware that the enterprise was in fact paralyzed,” he tried to persuade them to go on with their work with Korobkin on the assumption that Korobkin had to fulfill an obligation to keep foreign staff from leaving. It is supposed that the following are reasons for Rutgers’ behavior. (1) Rutgers had too few allies to fight Korobkin’s management system. Struik and other colonists were also fully aware of that situation. Nevertheless, they believed that “the battle, perhaps a decisive one” was imminent and that the “Isolation” (in opposition to the “Russification”) of the AIC-K was unavoidable. As opposed to them, Rutgers brought their attention to such a background as Korobkin could have for his management: “Man should not underestimate that our operational bases in Russian life in general have also been weakened. [The local Party in] Novonikolaevsk also has no longer supported us and the central Party cannot have been involved in the details.” Moreover, there seems to be no end to organized attacks by the Russian “spetsy” (specialists). (2) Under such circumstances, the AIC-K’s “Isolation” would be a dangerous experiment. Therefore the “Russification,” or integrating the AIC-K into the overall economic system in Soviet Russia was inevitable (meaning that the AIC-K would eventually come under the jurisdiction of the VSNKh). Rutgers’ ultimate fear was that by strongly insisting on opposing the “Russification,” it would “undermine the general interests of the USSR” (which also meant losing sight of AIC-K’s just cause [Part 3]: contributing to the reconstruction and development of the Soviet Russian economy). The Korobkin issue was of only secondary importance to Rutgers. In this situation, in a talk with B. Foot, Rutgers passed final judgment as follows: “My work in the AIC-K is no longer as clear as it was before. It is time to adapt the Colony to the overall economic system of Soviet Russia.” Rutgers went so far as to say, “State organs can no longer be involved in individual enterprises. Russian industry, now standing firmly on its own two feet, does not need the autonomy of the Colony anymore.” The “autonomy” of the AIC-K gradually retreated and the retention of some “special features,” which had been built on the basis of its founding idea (Part 5), became the last stronghold of “autonomy.” To borrow expressions quoted in this Part 6, they are “the right to appeal to the STO,” “all the good in the organization, all the progressive and rational,” and “foreign staff and a small [but select] bureaucracy.” The “final” struggle of the AIC-K was no longer against the “Russification,” but was limited to a struggle for retaining those “special features.” It was employment stabilization of foreign staff that could guarantee this retention. As a result, Rutgers, Korobkin, D.M. Kotliarenko and Foot agreed on forming a provisional Managing Board in order to stop foreign staff leaving and to facilitate collaboration. But Korobkin never convened its meeting, so that Rutgers, through Kotliarenko, requested the Party and its Central Control Committee to set up an Inspection Committee. Rutgers also directly requested the V.V. Kuibyshev Committee to deliberate on this matter. Although the extent in which these two Committees overlapped was not confirmed perhaps because Kuibyshev just changed his chairmanship from the People’s Commissariat of Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspection to the VSNKh at that time, the Kuibyshev Committee deliberated on Korobkin’s recall, indeed. But that recall was not resolved at the subsequent STO conference on 19 November 1926. Finally, at a meeting chaired on 2 December 1926 by S.V. Kosior, secretary of the Central Committee of the Party, Rutgers came to declare: “I [Rutgers] am ready to keep taking on the leadership of the AIC-K, provided that Korobkin be replaced by a Russian manager.” On that declaration L.Iu. Galkina has explained as follows: “Rutgers’ requirement was willing to be satisfied only on condition that he could undertake complete direction of, and responsibility for, integrating the AIC-K into the overall economic system. But Rutgers, tired of the constant struggle for what he had built with his own hands, demanded an experienced assistant. His condition was not accepted.” G.Ia. Tarle has grasped the declaration like a final settlement: “In November 1926 S.V. Kosior, secretary of the Central Committee of the Party, took over him [Rutgers]. S.J. Rutgers agreed to return to the Colony only on condition that his deputy of the outstanding Soviet specialist be appointed.” J.P. Morray has interpreted it broadly: “At the end of 1926 he [Rutgers] again returned to Moscow, where he offered to resume duties as Director in Kemerovo on condition that Korobkin be removed and a new Russian deputy named. His condition was not met, and Rutgers had to face the fact that his authority in Moscow was not sufficient to vanquish a Russian of Korobkin’s standing.” All three explanations are vague and leave out the issue of keeping foreign staff back and, more importantly, retaining the “special features” exhibited by foreigners. This issue was exactly the point for Rutgers. Despite the resolution at the conference on 19 November 1926 to take necessary measures to retain and utilize foreign workers and engineers, the STO (and the Party too) were either unwilling or unable to find a deputy of Rutgers and decided to keep Korobkin as deputy. As a result, there was no room for STO’s accepting the condition proposed by Rutgers. But Rutgers never gave up: As Rutgers, struggling with a disease, could not take the responsibility on himself without a competent deputy, he got to withdraw his conditional agreement and to (temporarily) entrust his chairmanship to Korobkin on condition that Engineer Begemann be named not only as one of the two deputies for Korobkin, but also as representative of still remaining colonists.” And Rutgers again urged Korobkin to “issue necessary instructions to do everything necessary to retain the foreigners.” After the AIC-K was liquidated on 1 January 1927, Rutgers’ efforts to bring in such a deputy as representative of colonists were to be made for some time, with a glimmer of hope (to be continued in Part 7).続きを見る |
| 目次 | はじめに 第1章 事業の更なる発展 第2章 リュトヘルス療養中の管理および通信体制 第3章 コロプキン問題と「クズバス」の清算 おわりに |
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| 登録日 | 2025.06.05 |
| 更新日 | 2025.09.08 |