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Acquisition of oral bacteria early in life is considered to have an important role in the establishment of oral microbiota. In this study, we examined tongue swab samples collected from 216 infants at... the 18-month checkup, along with samples collected from them and from their mothers at the 4-month checkup. The bacterial composition of each sample was determined using PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing of the full-length 16S rRNA gene and amplicon sequence variant (ASV) analysis. At 18 months of age, the tongue microbiota was dominated by Streptococcus salivarius, Neisseria perflava, and Granulicatella adiacens; and the overall bacterial composition was more similar to that of the mothers than at 4 months of age. The bacterial composition at 18 months of age was classified into three microbiota profiles: S. salivarius-dominant, Neisseria-dominant, and infant profile dominated by 4 months specific ASVs such as S. salivarius, Streptococcus lactarius, and Streptococcus peroris. Those with infant profiles exhibited significantly higher rates of current breastfeeding, dental caries or white spot lesions, and dental plaque accumulation compared to infants with the other profiles. Comparison between the S. salivarius- and Neisseria-dominant profiles showed that incomplete weaning, low intake of fruits, and frequent intake of sweetened beverages or sweet snacks were significantly associated with the S. salivarius-dominant profile. Our findings, based on a high-resolution profiling approach, demonstrate that the foundation of the adult tongue microbiota is established by 18 months of age, and the bacterial profile is possibly determined by dietary habits during this period.続きを見る
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