Mendeley出力
＜紀要論文＞
正音学的表記と英語標準化の思想
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| 概要 | The eighteenth century was a period of time in the history of English thought when every possible effort was made by noted orthoepists and lexicographers for improving, refining and ascertaining the E...nglish language to a greater extent than in any other periods. Thus, the principle of orthoepic notation, such as accentuation adopted in the general English dictionaries, was apparently intended to direct the true pronunciation as a means of the standardization of the vernacular in its phonological aspect. The earliest attempt of marking accentuation was made by Nathan Bailey in his The Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1727) and Dictionarium Britannicum (1730). It is quite probable that Bailey was given a hint of adopting an accentuation system by the introductory treatise of accents in the works of Thomas Dyche (1707 and 1723). This system of accentuation was technically elaborated in Dyche- Pardon's A New General English Dictionary (1735) and Benjamin Martin's Lingua Britannica Reformata (1749). Martin's method in his dictionary of marking a single accent (') and a double accent ('') is noteworthy in the historical development of orthoepic transcription, and Samuel Johnson was merely a follower of Martin in his practice of implementing a single accentuation system. Only in the latter half of the eighteenth century was invented the technique of describing the phonetic quality of vowels and consonants, primarily by Robert Nares in his Elements of Orthoepy (1784) and William Kenrick, and afterwards was developed by Thomas Sheridan in his A General Dictionary of the English Language (1780) and by John Walker in his A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language (1791). In practice, those orthoepist-lexicographers attempted to show the vocalic quality of words in their dictionaries by means of putting the corresponding figures (1, 2, 3...) upon the vowel letters, according to those figures of the vowels which were defined in the table of key words. As regards the quality of consonants, they employed a method of respelling the consonants in Italic or Roman types, according to the voiced or unvoiced, or other phonetic qualities. This kind of orthoepic notation finally led to an invention of the diacritic transcription in American dictionaries and of other phonetic renderings of English words in British dictionaries which were published in the nineteenth century. In his "Grammar of the English Tongue" appended to A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), Johnson makes account of 'a double pronunciation,'that is,'one cursory and colloquial, the other regular and solemn.'His idea of setting up the best general rule upon the pronunciation of 'the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the written words 'was probably influenced by Lord Chesterfield's assertion that the standard of English should be based upon the speech of 'those who have learning and are at the same time in the polite world.'Next, Kenrick is worth while noticing, because he regarded as standard 'Pronunciation in Speech, according to the present Practice of polished Speakers in the Metropolis,'the wordings being found in the title-page of his A New Dictionary of the English Language (1773). Since Sheridan was an Irishman, he was obliged to apologize for his qualification for the author of his English pronouncing dictionary, demanding recognition of the fact that his teacher was an intimate friend of Jonathan Swift, who was fully acquainted with the polite speech of the court of Queen Anne. Lastly, John Walker expressed his opinion concerning good usage in the pronunciation of those persons, who mainly constitute: (i) the general mass of common speakers (ii) university teachers and men of other learned professions (iii) persons belonging to the polite world and the King's Court. His conclusion is that 'a sort of compound ratio of all three 'should direct good practice in the pronunciation of the vernacular. In other words, the standard pronunciation should be based on 'those sounds... which are the most generally received among the learned and polite, as well as the bulk of speakers.' Walker's opinion concerning good usage in English pronunciation can be said to make a prediction of the idea of 'received standard 'postulated by H. C. Wyld, or of 'received pronunciation 'explained by Daniel Jones in their phonological works in the twentieth century. It is thus shown that the standardization of the English language by means of setting up a rational and permanent standard in pronunciation was essentially based on the orthoepist-lexicographers' observation and analysis of the actual pronunciation of persons belonging to the learned and polite circles in the eighteenth century, rather than reason or logic as a principle of determining the accurate and true pronunciation, which might be artificially deduced from their philosophical speculation.続きを見る |
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| 登録日 | 2023.08.08 |
| 更新日 | 2023.11.08 |