| 概要 |
Soil contamination creates a number of unique risk management challenges. Three major ones are as follows:Remediation is often a very expensive and lengthy process, it is difficult to detectunder norm...al conditions because of its stealthy properties; it endangers human health, which creates costly liabilities to responsible parties or in the case where none can be determined, the government must cover the cost.
It was discovered that these unnecessary risks are not significantly reduced by a reactive approach, so the author proposed establishing a preventive collaborative risk management system headed by a local government, and supported by local businesses and stakeholders. This system erduces costs, provides a flexible system that meets the needs of the local community, and offers current and future protection for the health of the community and the ecosystem. The following three critical areas were dealt with in this thesis to support the author's Collaborative Environmental Risk Management (CERM) system. Methods to motivate the various stakeholders to adopt a preventive soil contamination system, a customized risk management system that matches a local government needs, and the effectiveness of a combination of regulatory and non-regulatory measures to control the two sources of contamination-point source and non point source(NPS).
Chapter One introduces previous research in this field, the purpose of the thesis, and goals of this proposal. Chapter Two examines the history of soil contamination in the United States, Germany and Japan to validate the necessity of a preventive approach. It also introduces the major laws and regulations that exist to reduce air, water, and soil pollution. The historical review provides helpful clues toward appropriate future actions, the improvement that must be achieved, and reinforces the danger of inaction.
Chapter Three details how vital it is for a company or a government to incorporate an environmental management system that includes an environmental risk management system to protect against soil contamination issues if any exist, and to prevent contamination from occurring either unknowingly because of a lack of awareness, or by negligence. This is necessary in order to avoid the onerous liabilities, loss of public trust, and the potential health risks and environmental damage associated with the soil contamination issue.
Chapter Four begins with an outline about the processes necessary to establish an effective collaborative system across boundaries. Then, it provides details on the author's CERM system proposal that has a local government take the leadership role in forming a partnership with local companies and stakeholders to prevent soil contamination.
Chapter Five introduces two demographically and geographically similar cities. Sasebo City in Nagasaki Prefecture and Tacoma City in Washington to compare their actions, and responses to the soil contamination issue. Financial background on the amount spent on environmental activities, government systems, and environmental issues is compared. In addition, their environmental policies and programs are compared with a focus on soil protection. The results uncover similarities and differences that contribute clues towards improving environmental risk management for preventing soil contamination. Both cities exhibit a strong interest in protecting their environment evidenced by their programs to reduce as and water pollution, but need to exert more effort toward soil contamination since both cities have industries that have the potential for contamination issues. Citizens in each city exhibit a strong interest in volunteering for environmental protection, which provides an avenue for each government to establish a volunteer-based program like the proposed CERM system.
Chapter Six introduces a template that provides guidelines in order to establish the original CERM system introduced in this thesis. It outlines the participants, their responsibilities, and the processes that should be adopted. The chapter also summarizes the findings of the research, discusses the limitations of this study, and suggests recommendations for future research.続きを見る
|
Mendeley出力
k044-01