| 概要 |
Once upon a time, the public employment agency reigned like a King over labour markets. Under the precept of ILO Convention NR 96 of 1949 on Fee Charging Employment Agencies, the public employment off...ce enjoyed a fully-fledged monopoly of the labour markets of many countries. 'Labour is not a commodity' was (and is) the principle. There was no room in the labour market for private fee charging employment agencies. In those early years, following World War II, the monopoly of the Official Employment Office was widely accepted & not really discussed as a matter of principle. The reason was simple. The labour market was fairly uniform & not really diversified. Ford-ism was at its highest & Europe was enjoying 30 glorious years of ongoing economic growth. There was social welfare & economic progress. The social partners (employers' associations & trade unions) effectively managed labour relations in a more or less centralised way. Those days are gone. Indeed, since then tremendous political & ideological changes have taken place in the labour markets. The most significant political change has been the establishment of the European Union & the EEA with the accompanying free movement of labour as a fundamental right, thus creating a European labour market. Secondly, a broad ideological change has swept across the world with the expansion of free market ideals. Slowly, but gradually, private initiatives in the labour market became increasingly tolerated, & are today encouraged by the Governments & some of the trade unions as one of the ways to combat growing unemployment. Thirdly, the labour markets themselves have undergone immense changes, due to the globalisation of the economy, the world-wide acceptance of the market economy, the introduction of new technologies, the advent of the information society, the explosion of bigger enterprises, massive outsourcing, increased teamwork & the like. Today & tomorrow added economic value is 'knowledge.' Communicative skills (savoir etre) are as important as factual knowledge & experience (savoir faire). To have the right employee--be it a self-employed or a subordinated worker--at & for the right time becomes of strategic importance. There is an explosion of private services in the labour markets, to fulfil the increasingly specific needs of enterprises. International bodies like the ILO & the EU have adapted their standards to these new developments. The ILO adopted a new Convention in 1997 (No.181) concerning private employment agencies, while landmark case law of the European Court of Justice abolished the monopoly of the Official Employment Office regarding the labour market. Private enterprises are now able to propose a total package of services for the labour markets, vocational training included. The scope of possibilities for putting workers at the disposal of users has been dramatically widened. These & other issues were discussed at an international conference, convened by the Euro-Japan Institute for Law & Business (Leuven, 1998) in co-operation with the ILO & the EU. This Bulletin contains the discussion & reports on developments in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, The Netherlands, UK & the USA. It looks ahead & prepares its readers for the jump into the 21st century. 続きを見る
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