| 概要 |
ベトナムでは過去60年間に約500万haの森林が消失した.残された森林面積は930万haであるが,生産林の平均蓄積は73m^3/haと貧弱である.他方,約1,140万haもの草地または裸地が全国に広がっている.政府はこの禿げ山の内約500万haを植林するという野心的な計画を作成し,実行に移している.そこで問題になるのは,なぜこのように広大な禿げ山が形成されたのかという問題である.その原因究明と適切...な対策を行わずして500万haの植林が実行されるとは思えない.森林を減少させる要因が排除されなければ,植林する端から森林が消失するという問題に直面することが予想されるからである.ベトナムの森林減少には三つの大きな要因がある.ひとつはベトナム戦争における枯葉作戦である.これによって約200万haの森林が破壊された.二つは全国的な土地不足を解消するための開墾政策とその失敗による禿げ山である.三つは現在残された森林の維持管理問題であり,少数民族の居住地域における森林の減少問題である.500万haの大造林計画が地域的にどのように割り当てられているか資料が公表されていないのでわからない.しかし,国際的に注目されているのは少数民族地域の森林,つまり残された地域における森林の維持管理問題である.そこで見られるひとつの特徴は,地元住民を村ぐるみ組織し,日本の委託林あるいは共用林野のような制度を作り,火災や盗伐などの防止,林業労働力の確保を実現しようとするところにある.他方,土地不足・開墾政策と関連して,禿げ山に対する請負耕作や借地権の設定などが勧められており,山林局が指令を出しても植林が進まないと予想される.特に,ドイモイ政策以降は農民の経営意欲や林産物の市場性・採算性が問われるようになり,計画通り植林が進むとは思えない.それが実現されるのは,日本の農地解放後のように,農民に一定の資本蓄積や労働力の余剰が生まれない限り困難と予測される.
About 5 million hectares of forest land have been faded away for last 60 years in Vietnam. Now about 9.3 million hectares of them are counted for forests land. However, half of that are bald land and another cover with average about 73 m^3 per hectare of tree stock. On the other hand, about 11.4 million hectares of land are deforested and covered by grass. The government of Vietnam made an ambitious plan for making forests on these 5 million hectares of barren and/or grass land by 2010 in 1993. At the start of this plan, we have to consider the reasons why these treeless areas have been made. If we can not correctly understand the reasons, we won't take appropriate measures to stop deforestation. There are three major grounds for destroying forests in Vietnam. The first reason is the 72 million liters of defoliants which had been poured down ever green forests during Vietnam War. About 2 million hectares of closed forests have been destroyed by this chemical weapons. Second is the failures of land allocation measures. The government of Vietnam have to provide the forests for cooperatives and farmers to produce much more foods. But so many land have been left without any cares after cutting trees and/or short time cultivation. Third is the management issues of forests land located in aborigines areas. About 50 aborigines are living in forests areas and they carry out slash-and-burn of agriculture inside of the forests. We don't need to worry the first reason any more, because it is the past matters. However, the second reason is very serious problems today. Many farmers are facing land shortage where they have to produce foods and benefits. The "Doi Moi" policy, so called socialism-oriented market economy, made small-scale farmers to encourage their activities since in 1986. The new farmers who will get low productivity forests land or barren land may not turn out good results or benefits. Therefore we are not able to hope so much forestation by these farmers. It is said that upland and aborigines areas is the most important places to maintain and improve the forest resources in Vietnam today . The state forests enterprises (SFEs) have important roles to manage these forests land. Some SFEs made not only local groups in aborigines areas to enhance preventing illegal cutting , wildfire and another violence, but also provided some money for them to plant and tend trees. These activities of SFEs will take very important roles to achieve 5 million hectares forestation plan.続きを見る
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